UAV AND LIDAR
UAV And Lidar
We will get the attitude data for flight according to the IMU navigation and record the pulse round-trip time through the laser scanning device for the distance between the laser feet and the reference points. Based on the coordinate system and corresponding transformation relation, according to the principle of space triangulation, we will get the 3D coordinate information of the target point. There are involving multiple coordinate systems in the conversion process when we get 3D coordinates of the laser point (target point) through the LiDAR emitter location. The most involved coordinate systems are instantaneous laser scanning coordinate system, inertial navigation coordinate system and wgs-84 coordinate system.
Along with the development of the LiDAR technology, the main application in land resources survey is in the following aspects at present, such as Land surveying, censuses, exploration and exploitation of mineral resources, monitoring and early warning of geological disasters, etc. Airborne LiDAR technology has been applied to different degrees in many industries, its application scope includes land surveying and mapping industry, forestry, transportation industry. The application of land surveying and mapping industry involves various fields such as land use and classification, topographic mapping, urban change detection, urban 3d modeling and urban planning and design. The LiDAR technology has solved the difficult problems of traditional measuring method and traditional monitoring accuracy. It is a great significance for the land resources investigation and management.
We present the development of a low-cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Light Detecting and Ranging (UAV-LiDAR) system and an accompanying workflow to produce 3D point clouds. UAV systems provide an unrivalled combination of high temporal and spatial resolution datasets. A modified processing workflow including a novel trajectory determination algorithm fusing observations from a GPS receiver, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and a High Definition (HD) video camera is presented. The advantages of this workflow are demonstrated using a rigorous assessment of the spatial accuracy of the final point clouds. It is shown that due to the inclusion of video the horizontal accuracy of the final point cloud improves from 0.61 m to 0.34 m (RMS error assessed against ground control). The effect of the very high density point clouds (up to 62 points per m2) produced by the UAV-LiDAR system on the measurement of tree location, height and crown width are also assessed by performing repeat surveys over individual isolated trees. The standard deviation of tree height is shown to reduce from 0.26 m, when using data with a density of 8 points perm2, to 0.15mwhen the higher density data was used. Improvements in the uncertainty of the measurement of tree location, 0.80 m to 0.53 m, and crown width, 0.69 m to 0.61 m are also shown
We are providing services in following application areas
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DEM stands for digital elevation model which has z coordinates value along with x and y. Elevation values are used everywhere, in roads, building, bridge and other. It has made easy to capture the surface height. Before LIDAR, ground survey or photogrammetry method was used to capture the z coordinates but the problem with this method was time consuming. LIDAR has made things easier and quicker.
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LIDAR helps the farmer to find the area that uses costly fertilizer. LIDAR can be used to create elevation map of the farmland that can be converted to create slope and sunlight exposure area map. Both the layer information can be used to create high, medium and low crop production area. Extracted information will help farmer to save on the costly fertilizer
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LIDAR is widely used in the forest industry to plan and mange. It is used to measure vertical structure of forest canopy and also used to measure and understand canopy bulk density and canopy base height. Other uses of the LIDAR in the forest industry is the measurement of the peak height to estimate its root expansion.
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LIDAR is becoming widely popular in forest fire management. Fire department is transforming from reactive to proactive fire management. LIDAR image helps to monitor the possible fire area which is called fuel mapping (fire behaviour model). On this article author discuss, how British Colombia is using LIDAR information for the fire management.
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LIDAR DEM is used to plan the park and tourism area. High accurate land surface model helps to find the best area to have playground, trees and walking trail. Parks management is a big business and LIDAR technology is playing a vital role for its management.3D image of the park, generated from LIDAR technology helps for the future growth of the park
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LIDAR provides very accurate information. River is very sensitive and few meter of change in information can bring disastrous or loss of properties. So LIDAR is used to create high resolution and accurate surface model of the river. These extracted LIDAR information can be used for the 3D simulation for better planning of the structures or buildings on the river bank
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DEM generated from LIDAR is used to create watershed area and stream line delineation. High and accurate DEM is the major input to create this and GIS software is used to create it. This way you can calculate watershed for the particular water channels and find out stream channel for over land flooding
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Water penetration green light (532 nanometres) of the LIDAR is used to measure under water. Under water information is required to understand depth, flow strength, width of the river and more. For the river engineering, its cross section data is extracted from LIDAR data (DEM) to create a river model, which will create flood way and flood fringe map. In same way to understand sea under world, LIDAR data is used by the marine engineer.
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LIDAR wavelength are shorter which operates in ultraviolet, visible region or near infrared. This helps to image the object which are in same size or larger than the wavelength. So LIDAR can detect pollutant particles of carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide and methane. This information helps researched to create pollutant density map of the area which can be used for better planning of the city
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Surface model created from LIDAR is used to add graphical value to maps. DEM (from LIDAR) is added underneath of all layers that shows the 3D view of the land. Especially LIDAR data (DEM) is added on the aerial photography to show the 3D view which makes easier to plan roads, buildings, bridges and rivers
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LIDAR data for road helps engineer to understand it and give a roadmap for the building it. As LIDAR are highly accurate technology it helps to understand width, elevation and length of the existing road. Road engineer use LIDAR data for below things as well:
- Calculate Cut & fill, culvert sizing, vegetation removal, grade calculations and more.
- Height clearances
- Right of way and surface conditions
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As LIDAR wavelength are shorter, it can be used to detect molecules content in the atmosphere that has same or bigger wavelength. There is the new technology called DIAL (Differential Absorption LIDAR) which is used to trace amount of gases above the hydrocarbon region. This tracking helps to find the Oil and Gas deposits
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Viewshed analysis is common name in GIS, it uses digital elevation model (DEM) to create viewshed map. It uses individual cell to determine that is visible or not from all other remaining cells. Accuracy of analysis depends on the inputted DEM. So high accurate DEM generated from LIDAR is used for these type of analysis.
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Solar energy are getting popular for heating and electricity purpose. Solar panel are used to absorb the heat energy from the sun and it is converted to heat or electricity energy. For the installation of the Solar panel there are some basic requirements which are identified by the help of the LIDAR data. Like Solar panel should be kept to south facing of the roof and it should have minimum area and so on.
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GIS is a valuable tool that helps in the planning, organizing and subsequent growth in the energy and utilities industries. The effective management of energy systems is a complex challenge. GIS has enormous potential for planning, design and maintenance of facility. Also it provide improved services and that too cost effectively.
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LIDAR is becoming more popular in vehicles to make it automatic. LIDAR is used to grab the information on the road and it is passed to computerized system to make a human being like decision. For example, LIDAR can detect the road yellow lines which tells the vehicle to stay within yellow lines. Nowadays vehicle uses Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) which has LIDAR technology. It helps vehicle that is in cruise control to slow down when there is vehicle in the front and also speed up when there is no traffic.
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LIDAR technology is used to create 3D image of the object that is in distance. 3D imaging is done with both scanning and non-scanning systems. There is a technology which uses combination of fast gated camera and LIDAR to created 3D image (3D gated viewing laser radar). It is a non-scanning systems.
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Tsunami is a well-known natural disaster and can takes thousand lives and damage infrastructure. LIDAR technology help scientist to understand the area that will be covered when Tsunami happens. DEM produce by LIDAR gives the elevation value of the seashore and bathymetric data provides underwater elevation . These information, layered in the GIS will provide the inundate area when Tsunami occurs
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Integrated Storm Water Management Plan has become popular name compare to traditional system which is an ecosystem-based approach to rain water management. The goal of ISMP is to balance between: land use planning, storm water engineering, flood and erosion protection, and environmental protection. For the ISMP or traditional Storm water management system, elevation map is important. It is easy to produce contour from DEM which is created from the LIDAR data. LIDAR data are accurate and precise.